Arthur schopenhauer pessimism

German philosopher (–)

"Schopenhauer" redirects here. For other uses, see Schopenhauer (disambiguation).

Arthur Schopenhauer (SHOH-pən-how-ər;^[9]German:[ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ]^ⓘ; 22 February &#;– 21 September ) was a German philosopher.

He is known for his work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in ), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational noumenal will.^[10][11][12] Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (–), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism.^[7][8]

Schopenhauer was among the first philosophers in the Western tradition to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance.^[13] His work has been described as an exemplary